Methods, systems, and computer-readable media for semantically enriching content and for semantic navigation

ABSTRACT

Methods, systems and computer-readable media enable various techniques related to semantic navigation. One aspect is a technique for displaying semantically derived facets in the search engine interface. Each of the facets comprises faceted search results. Each of the faceted search results is displayed in association with user interface elements for including or excluding the faceted search result as additional search terms to subsequently refine the search query. Another aspect automatically infers new metadata from the content and from existing metadata and then automatically annotates the content with the new metadata to improve recall and navigation. Another aspect identifies semantic annotations by determining semantic connections between the semantic annotations and then dynamically generating a topic page based on the semantic connections.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The disclosure relates generally to computer systems and informationtechnology and, in particular, to content management and contentsearching based on semantics.

BACKGROUND

Conventional techniques for annotating, managing and searching contentis generally limited to keyword searching and manually annotated metatags. Frequently keyword searches yield large numbers of hits with onlymarginal actual relevance. The problem of locating information remains adaunting challenge.

Semantics-based technologies represent one promising avenue foraddressing this challenge. Here, semantics refers to the explicit orderived (inferred) meaning provided by a fragment of information. At thedocument level, this meaning can be factual information like “J. Doe isthe CEO of Acme Corp.” or a piece of information that is inferred fromthe context like “Acme is a company” or “This article is about mergers &acquisitions.” At the inter-document level, the semantic informationgathered at the document level can be reused by the computer system tohelp derive information at a higher level. For example: “In the lastmonth, there has been a trend showing negative criticism of Acme Corp.”

Some examples of semantic analysis techniques are disclosed in US2011/0082863 (Chang et al.) and US 2010/0312743 (Thompson et al.). Someexamples of semantic search engines are disclosed in US 2007/0124263(Katariya et al.), US 2010/0036797 (Wong et al.), US 2011/0072021 (Lu etal.) and US 2010/0268702 (Wissner et al.). Some semantic annotationtechniques are disclosed in US 2008/0221874 (Cao et al.). An indexingtechnique is disclosed in US 2009/0063550 (Van den Berg et al.). A textcategorization method and apparatus is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.7,356,461 (Tremblay et al.). Various faceted search and displaytechniques are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,774,383 (Acevedo-Aviles etal.), U.S. Pat. No. 7,152,064 (Bourdoncle et al.), US 2010/0198837 (Wuet al.), US 2009/0106244 (Dash et al.), US 2007/0185836 (Handy-Bosma etal.), and US 2009/0234849 (Erera et al.). Each of these documents ishereby incorporated by reference.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Further features and advantages of embodiments disclosed herein willbecome apparent from the following detailed description, taken incombination with the appended drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic depiction of a networked computer system on whichembodiments of the invention may be implemented;

FIG. 2 is a schematic depiction of a computing device for implementingembodiments of the invention;

FIG. 3 is a functional block diagram illustrating a process of creatingsemantically enriched data by content ingestion, analytics, annotation,and indexing as well as a process for semantic search and navigation;

FIG. 4 is a depiction of a semantic navigation user interface forpresenting faceted search results in accordance with one embodiment ofthe invention;

FIG. 5 is a depiction of a further user interface after a user hasincluded a faceted element to refine the search of FIG. 4;

FIG. 6 is a depiction of yet a further interface after the user hasfurther included a faceted element and excluded another faceted elementto further refine the search of FIG. 5;

FIG. 7 is a flowchart depicting steps of a method of annotating contentgenerating metadata by inferring new metadata from the content and fromexisting metadata;

FIG. 8 is a flowchart depicting steps of a method of dynamicallygenerating a topic page based on semantic connections made betweenannotations; and

FIG. 9 is a schematic depiction of a semantic navigation system inaccordance with one implementation of the invention.

It will be noted that throughout the appended drawings, like featuresare identified by like reference numerals.

SUMMARY

The invention generally provides novel methods, systems, andcomputer-readable media that provide improvements for generatingsemantically-enriched content and for semantic navigation.

One aspect of the invention provides a method of displaying searchresults on a computing device. The method entails receiving searchresults in response to a search query, displaying a list of searchresults in a search engine interface and displaying a plurality offacets in the search engine interface. Each of the facets is derivedfrom explicit editorial metadata or inferred semantic annotations andcomprises faceted search results. Each of the faceted search results isdisplayed in association with user interface elements for including orexcluding the faceted search result as additional search terms tosubsequently refine the search query.

Another aspect of the invention provides a method of presenting contenton a computing device. The method entails identifying a plurality ofsemantic annotations for content, determining one or more semanticconnections between the semantic annotations, and dynamically generatinga topic page based on the one or more semantic connections.

Yet another aspect of the invention provides a method, performed by acomputing device, for annotating content. The method entailsautomatically inferring new metadata from the content and from existingmetadata and automatically annotating the content with the new metadata.New metadata generated using this method can be used to improve therelevancy of the search results and enhance the search and navigationexperience for the end-user of the computing device.

Yet another aspect of the invention provides a method for semanticallysearching content, the method comprising displaying a first facet and asecond facet as part of faceted search results in response to a searchquery, associating a first facet with a second facet in response to userinput, and searching a semantic index based on the first and secondfacets by cross-referencing metadata for the content associated with thefirst facet with metadata for the content associated with the secondfacet.

Yet a further aspect of the invention provides a semantic navigationsystem comprising an ingestion broker for ingesting content from clientsystems, a web crawler operatively connected to the ingestion broker forcrawling web content for the ingestion broker, an engine for operating asemantic index, a content analytics module operatively connected to theengine for analyzing content to generate semantic metadata for thesemantic index, and a presentation module having presentation logic forpresenting search results obtained by querying the semantic index. Thepresentation module includes a widget server and a template engine thatallow widgets to be aggregated into a theme. A theme is designed toaddress specific business needs. A complete semantic search andnavigation application can be made of one or several themes.

Various techniques including normalization of entities and categoriesmay be used. Fine tuning of the relevancy and the document ranking canbe accomplished by applying boosts to different types of metadata.

Another aspect of the invention provides a non-transitorycomputer-readable medium upon which are stored instructions in code thatare configured to perform any one of the foregoing methods when thecomputer-readable medium is loaded into memory and executed on aprocessor of a computing device.

The details and particulars of these aspects of the invention will nowbe described below, by way of example, with reference to the attacheddrawings.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments of the invention, which are described below, enable variousnew techniques pertaining to the generation of semantically enrichedcontent and to semantic search and navigation. As will be elaboratedbelow, the invention provides innovative tools for managing anddelivering content.

By way of overview, and to place the invention in its proper context,the invention should be understood as being part of one or moreprocesses of creating semantically-enriched content and searchingsemantically (semantic navigation). In general, there are five mainstages or processes: (1) normalizing data content, (2) enriching thedata content by semantic annotations, (3) storing the data content, (4)enhancing the search and navigation experience with faceting and (5)retrieving or delivering the enriched data content in response to searchqueries and/or facet based filters. In the first stage, data isnormalized from a variety of different sources such as, for example,crawled Web pages, CMS, blogs, forums, XML formats, text, PDF documentsor MS Office documents. In the second stage, the data content isenriched by creating facets, such as, for example, people, places,organizations, concepts, categories, summaries or sentiments. In thethird stage, the data content is stored in one or more of a number ofdifferent forms such as, for example, as articles, products, bios,reviews, etc. In the fourth and fifth stages, the enriched data contentis retrieved or delivered in the form of, for example, a site search,topic pages, widgets, syndication, etc.

With faceted search results, the user can rapidly navigate to othercontent that may be of interest. Existing structured metadata in thecontent and the automatically extracted metadata may be stored as facetsfor every document. Facets may include people, places, organizations,similar documents, hot topics, sentiment analysis, or the like. Facetsmay be used to improve result relevancy, suggest related documents,create topic pages and automatically syndicate relevant and timelycontent.

In one implementation, searching may be enhanced by a similar-documentsearch (i.e., a search for documents that are “similar to document X”).Alternatively, in another implementation, the interface may enable asearch for an “alternative results set” in which the handler returnsdocuments that are potentially related to the search query even if theydo not contain the search terms.

Semantic navigation thus increases the efficacy of a search engine byincreasing the likelihood that meaningful and relevant content will belocated by a search. Semantic navigation has the effect of breakingcontent silos and unwrapping content with an intuitive search anddiscovery experience.

FIG. 1 schematically depicts an exemplary computer network environment100 for implementing embodiments of the invention. As illustrated, acomputer-based information search system includes client computers 110which communicate through a network 140 with a search engine server 120to obtain information associated with a search query (which may be astructured query or a natural language query). While three clientcomputers 110 are illustrated, any number of client computers may be inuse. The client computers 110 may be geographically distributed acrossthe network 140, collocated, or any combination thereof. While a singlesearch engine server 120 is illustrated, it should be appreciated thatthe functionality of the server 120 may be distributed over multipleservers 120 which may be clustered, geographically distributed acrossthe network 140, or any combination thereof.

A search query may be transmitted from a client computer 110 through thenetwork 140 to the search engine server 120. The search engine serverprocesses the natural language or structured query and searches throughits index based upon syntax and/or semantics extracted from the query.Results of the search are returned from the server 120 through thenetwork 140 to the client computer 110.

One or more search indexes (or indices) may be stored at, or inassociation with, the server 120. Information in a search index may bepopulated from a set of source information, or a document collection.For example, in a web search implementation, content may be collectedand indexed from various web sites on various web servers 130 across thenetwork 140. Such collection and indexing may be performed by softwareexecuting on the server 120 or on another computer. The collection maybe performed by web crawlers or spider applications. The collected datais also ingested into a content analytics module and a semanticannotator which process the ingested information such that semanticcontent collected from the corpus may be indexed based on both syntaxand the semantics extracted by the content analytics module.

The client computers 110 may act as terminals, hypertext browserclients, graphical display clients, or other networked clients to theserver 120. For example, a web browser application at the clientcomputers 110 may support interfacing with a web server application atthe server 120. Such a browser may use controls, plug-ins, or applets tosupport interfacing to the server 120. The client computers 110 can alsouse other customized programs, applications, or modules to interfacewith the server 120. The client computers 110 can be desktop computers,laptops, handhelds, mobile devices, mobile telephones, televisionset-top boxes, kiosks, servers, terminals, thin-clients, or any othercomputerized devices.

The network 140 may be any communications network capable of supportingcommunications between the client computers 110 and the server 120. Thenetwork 140 may be wired, wireless, optical, radio, packet switched,circuit switched, or any combination thereof. The network 140 may useany topology, and links of the network 140 may support any networkingtechnology, protocol, or bandwidth such as Ethernet, DSL, cable modem,ATM, SONET, MPLS, PSTN, POTS modem, PONS, HFC, satellite, ISDN, WiFi,WiMax, mobile cellular, any combination thereof, or any other datainterconnection or networking mechanism. The network 140 may be anintranet, the Internet (or the World Wide Web), a LAN, WAN, MAN, or anyother network for interconnecting computers. To support high volume andload, a distributed computing environment may be implemented by usingnetworking technologies that may include, but are not limited to,TCP/IP, RPC, RMI, HHTP, Web Services (XML-RPC, JAX-RPC, SOAP, etc.).

It should be appreciated that, in addition to the illustrated networkenvironment, the server 120 and client computer 110 may be combined intoa single computing device. Such a combined computing device can supportsearch indexes stored locally or remotely.

Turning now to FIG. 2, an exemplary computer (also referred to herein asa computing device) can execute software components and modules forcreating semantically enriched content and/or for semantic search andnavigation. The computer architecture shown in FIG. 2 illustrates aconventional desktop, laptop, or server computer and may be utilized toexecute aspects of the software components presented herein. It shouldbe appreciated, however, that the described software components can alsobe executed on other example computing devices such as mobile devices,handheld wireless communications devices, smart phones, tablets, set-topboxes, kiosks, etc. Any one or more of the client computers 110 orserver computer 120 may be implemented as the computer systemillustrated in FIG. 2.

The computer illustrated in FIG. 2 can include a central processing unit10 (CPU), also referred to herein as a processor or microprocessor, asystem memory 13, including a random access memory 14 (RAM) and aread-only memory 16 (ROM), and a system bus 11 that can couple thesystem memory 13 to the CPU 10. A basic input/output system (BIOS)containing the basic routines that help to transfer information betweenelements within the computer, such as during start-up, can be stored inthe ROM 16. The computer may further include a mass storage device 15for storing an operating system 18, software, data, and various programmodules. A semantic index 250 associated with the search engine may bestored within the mass storage device 15.

The mass storage device 15 can be connected to the CPU 10 through a massstorage controller (not illustrated) which is connected to the bus 11.The mass storage device 15 and its associated computer-readable mediacan provide non-volatile storage for the computer. Although thedescription of computer-readable media contained herein refers to a massstorage device, such as a hard disk, solid-state drive or CD-ROM drive,it should be appreciated by those skilled in the art thatcomputer-readable media can be any available non-transitory computerstorage media that can be accessed by the computer.

By way of example, and not limitation, non-transitory computer-readablemedia may include volatile and non-volatile, removable and non-removablemedia implemented in any method or technology for storage of informationsuch as computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modulesor other data. For example, computer-readable media includes, but is notlimited to, RAM, ROM, EPROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other solid statememory technology, CD-ROM, DVD, or other optical storage, magneticcassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magneticstorage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store thedesired information and which can be accessed by the computer.

According to various embodiments, the computer may operate in anetworked environment using logical connections to remote computersthrough the network 140 such as the Internet. The computer may connectto the network 140 through a network interface 19 which may be acommunications port such as a DSL or cable modem, Ethernet connection,or any suitable wired or wireless switch or router, etc. The networkinterface 19 connected to the bus 11. It should be appreciated that thenetwork interface unit 19 may also be utilized to connect to other typesof networks and remote computer systems. The computer may also includean input/output controller 12 for receiving and processing input from anumber of other devices, including a keyboard, mouse, or electronicstylus (not illustrated). Similarly, an input/output controller 12 mayprovide output to a video display, a printer, or other type of outputdevice (also not illustrated).

A number of program modules and data files may be stored in the massstorage device 15 and RAM 14 of the computer, including an operatingsystem 18 suitable for controlling the operation of a networked desktop,laptop, server computer, or other computing environment. The massstorage device 15, ROM 16, and RAM 14 may also store one or more programmodules. In particular, the mass storage device 15, the ROM 16, and theRAM 14 may store the search engine 125 for execution by the CPU 10. Thesearch engine 125 can include software components for implementingportions of the processes disclosed herein. The mass storage device 15,the ROM 16, and the RAM 14 may also store other types of programmodules. The mass storage device 15, the ROM 16, and the RAM 14 can alsostore a semantic index 250 associated with the search engine.

Referring now to FIG. 3, a functional block diagram illustrates variouscomponents for semantic content enrichment and semantic navigationaccording to various embodiments of the invention. As discussed above,the search engine 125 enables information searches. In order to supportsuch searches, a content ingestion (acquisition) process is performed byan ingestion broker 200. This ingestion broker is responsible to readthe source document and normalize the input format for a uniform storageinto the indexes. The ingestion broker may optionally include a languagedetector to identify the language used in a piece of content and applythe appropriate linguistic processing. The ingestion broker may includean ingestion queue (document queue) with a logging module (forgenerating logs) and a document/batch prioritization module (wheredocuments in the queue are pending, processed, failed, rejected, orskipped). Operations related to content acquisition/ingestion extractinformation from documents provided as text content. This may includeextracting keywords form full-text parsing and/or from meta-data. Theingestion broker may include configurable and extensible ingestionpipeline with parsers for packages (zip, tar, etc.), transformers fordocuments (transforming to any arbitrary format to XML), processors forfields (date, encoding, etc.). As depicted in FIG. 3, a normalizationprocess 210 is performed to normalize content from a variety ofdifferent sources and formats, e.g. crawled web pages, feeds, blogs, MSOffice documents, PDF's, etc. By generating clean XML, the enrichedcontent may be delivered across multiple digital channels for a varietyof end-user applications (e.g., mobile, port to print, syndication,etc.).

As depicted in FIG. 3, a content analytics module 225 analyzes thecontent using knowledge engineering and machine learning techniques andmay perform one or more of the following functions: extraction of keyconcepts (e.g., identifying part-of-speech patterns using naturallanguage processing algorithms), extraction of entities (e.g., places,people, organizations, products), categorization (identification of maintopics) and classification, sentiment analysis (including subjectivityand tonality), summarization, similarity analysis, automatic languagedetection, disambiguation, and derivation of additionalmeaning/knowledge from the words of the text.

The content is then semantically enriched by enrichment process 240(e.g., with a semantic annotator) by encapsulating new annotations,metadata and the like to the content. In the search and discoveryexperience provided by the presentation layer of the invention, thesenew metadata are then instantiated as facets to let the end-usernavigate and refine the search criteria. Content enriched with semanticmetadata makes the content vastly more findable and search-engineoptimized (SEO). This semantic data can be stored in a semantic index250 that can be used for searching. The semantic index may be part of asearch index, e.g. a forward index or an inverted index. The semanticindex 250 may be used in conjunction with a meta search engine (whichrelies on the indices of other search engines and thus does not storeits own local index) or a cache-based search engine (which permanentlystores the index along with the corpus). In one embodiment, the contentanalytics module 225 and annotator 240 may be consolidated in a textmining engine that semantically analyzes, annotates and relates datacontent.

Operations related to a user search are also depicted in FIG. 3. Auser-input search query (e.g. a web search) entered into a search enginecan take the form of a natural language question, one or more keyword(s)with implicit or explicit Boolean logic or a structural query. Thesearch engine analyzes the user input/query and compares the queryterm(s) with information stored within the search index (or semanticindex 250). The content and structuring of information in the semanticindex 250 can support rapid matching and retrieval of documents, orportions of documents, that are relevant to the meaning of the query.

The ingestion broker may ingest a wide variety of different types ofdocuments, e.g., web pages, textual documents, scanned documents,databases, information listings, other Internet content, or any otherinformation source to provide a corpus of information to be searched.Normalization and content analytics may involve syntactic parsing andsemantic mapping. Preliminary language processing steps may occurbefore, or at the beginning of parsing. For example, the text contentmay be separated at paragraph and/or sentence boundaries. Proper nounsmay be identified as candidates for the names of particular people,places, objects or events. Also, the grammatical properties ofmeaningful word endings may be determined. Parsing may be performed by ashallow syntactic analysis system. The parser can convert sentences torepresentations that make explicit the syntactic relations among words.The parser can apply a grammar associated with the specific language inuse. For example, the parser can apply a grammar for English. Thegrammar is formalized as a lexical functional grammar (LFG) and aProbabilistic Context-free Grammar (PCFG). The grammar can specifypossible ways for constructing meaningful key phrases in a givenlanguage. The parser may apply the rules of the grammar to the stringsof the text content.

A grammar may be provided for various languages. For example, LFGgrammars have been created for different languages such as English,French, Spanish, German and Portuguese. Other grammars may be providedas well. A grammar is developed by manual acquisition where grammaticalrules are defined by a linguist or dictionary writer. Alternatively,machine learning acquisition can involve the automated observation andanalysis of many examples of text from a large corpus to automaticallyderive grammatical rules. A combination of manual definition and machinelearning are also be used in acquiring the rules of a grammar.

During a semantic mapping process, information can be extracted from theshallow syntactic structures and combined with information about themeanings of the words in the sentence. A semantic map or semanticrepresentation of a sentence can be provided as content semantics.Semantic mapping can augment the syntactic relationships provided by theparser with conceptual properties of individual words. The results canbe transformed into representations of the meaning of sentences from thetext content. Semantic mapping can determine roles played by words in asentence. For example, the subject performing an action, something usedto carry out the action, or something being affected by the action. Forthe purposes of indexing, words can be stored in a semantic index 250along with their roles. Thus, retrieval from the semantic index 250 candepend not merely on a word in isolation, but also on the meaning of theword in the sentences in which it appears within the text content.Semantic mapping can support disambiguation of terms, determination ofantecedent relationships, and expansion of terms by synonym, hypernym,or hyponym.

An index can represent a large corpus of information so that thelocations of words and phrases can be rapidly identified within theindex. A traditional search engine may use keywords as search terms suchthat the index maps from keywords specified by a user to articles ordocuments where those keywords appear. The semantic index 250 canrepresent the semantic meanings of words in addition to the wordsthemselves. Semantic relationships can be assigned to words during bothcontent acquisition by ingestion broker 200 and user search. Queriesagainst the semantic index 250 can be based on not only words, but wordsin specific roles, with specific properties or relationships. The rolesare those played by the word in the sentence or phrase as stored in thesemantic index 250. The semantic index 250 can be considered an invertedindex that is a rapidly searchable database whose entries are semanticwords (i.e., word in a given role) with pointers to the documents, orweb pages, on which those words occur. The semantic index 250 cansupport hybrid indexing. Such hybrid indexing can combine features andfunctions of both keyword indexing and semantic indexing.

User entry of queries (input of search query 260) can be supported inthe form of keywords or structural queries. Optionally, the query can beprocessed for semantics. The semantic mapping of the query can alsoprovide semantics to be used in a retrieval process 280 against thesemantic index 250. The retrieval process 280 can support hybrid indexqueries where both keyword index retrieval and semantic index retrievalmay be provided alone or in combination.

In response to a search query, results of retrieval 280 from thesemantic index 250 can inform a ranking process 285. Ranking canleverage both keyword and semantic information. During ranking 285, theresults obtained by retrieval 280 can be ordered by various metrics inan attempt to place the most desirable results closer to the top of theretrieved information to be provided to the user as a search resultpresentation 290. The results may be presented as faceted searchresults, as illustrated by way of example in FIG. 4-6. Faceted searchresults made by presented by the search engine client application on theclient computer 110.

FIG. 4 depicts an improved search engine interface with faceted searchresults in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. In additionto the standard search query field and search result list, the searchengine interface depicted by way of example in FIG. 4 displays aplurality of facets. In this example, the facets are presented along theleft side of the screen. For example, the facets depicted are Themes,People, Organizations, Geographic Locations and Types of Documents. Thelayout, number, and order of the facets and the specific names of thefacets are presented solely to illustrate the concept. Other layouts,numbers, orders or names of facets may of course be dynamicallydisplayed.

Under each facet are a plurality of subjects, topics or names (e.g.,specific names of people, specific place names, and specific names oforganizations, etc.). These are referred to herein as faceted searchresults. In other words, each facet triggers its own faceted searchresults. The number of faceted search results that are displayed foreach facet is of course variable. An optional link, virtual button orother such user interface element may be provided to enable the user toview additional faceted search results. In the example depicted in FIG.4, a link entitled “More” is provided to enable the user to cause thedevice to display more results.

As depicted in the example presented in FIG. 4, faceted search resultsare presented in the search engine interface in response to a query forthe professional hockey team “Montreal Canadians”. The facets (themes,organizations, locations, and document types) each can trigger facetedsearch results if the user adds them as criteria to navigate, refine orfilter the current result set. For themes (or topics), there are, forexample, different types of sports. For organizations, there are, forexample, different players or coaches associated with the team. Forlocations, there are, for example, a city (e.g., Montreal) and aprovince (e.g., Quebec). For document types, there are, for example,articles and blogs.

Using knowledge engineering techniques, each single facet can bedynamically filtered at indexing time or even at query time. Bothfiltering approaches improve overall precision of the facets and searchresults. However, dynamically filtering at query time provides an addedbenefit that content does not need to be re-classified.

The user may click, touch or otherwise select any one of the facetedsearch results (e.g., the listed subjects, topics, names, etc. undereach facet) to obtain content relevant to that particular subject, topicor name.

Beside each faceted search result, as shown by way of example in FIG. 4,is a user interface element for including that faceted search result asa search term in a subsequent search (for example, it may use a filterquery or optionally perform a Boolean logical AND with the originalsearch query although the filter query is generally considered to bebetter since it does not impact the ordering when sorting by relevancy).Also displayed in association with each faceted search result is a userinterface element for excluding that faceted search result as a searchterm (e.g., by using a filter query that does not affect ordering basedon relevancy or optionally performing a Boolean logical AND NOT with theoriginal search query). In the example depicted in FIG. 4, the userinterface for including a faceted search result as a search term in afurther search is a virtual button marked with a plus sign whereas theuser interface element for excluding a faceted search result as a searchterm in a further search is a virtual button marked with a minus sign.

In the example depicted in FIG. 4, each faceted search result under eachfacet has its own pair of user interface elements to include or excludethat particular faceted search result in a further search. Beside eachcategory in each facet is a user interface element that enables the userto select to include or exclude that facet from the search results. Afirst user interface element may be a virtual button with a first symbolsuch as a plus sign (+) that enables the user to include that element(faceted search result) in a subsequent search. A second user interfaceelement may be a virtual button with a second symbol such as a minus (−)sign to enable the user to exclude that element (faceted search result)from the subsequent search.

FIG. 4 is thus an example of a semantic faceted site search in whichfacets are presented in response to the search query (in addition to thestandard list of relevancy-ranked search results). As will be elaboratedbelow, the user interface elements associated with each of the facetedsearch results facilitate semantic navigation by enabling the user torefine the search query and thus the search results based on one or moreof the facets and to navigate to more relevant content. As will be alsoelaborated below in greater detail, the invention also provides a methodand system for automatically and dynamically identifying semantic facetswithin unstructured portions of the content while ingesting the contentinto the search indices.

This novel presentation layer depicted by way of example in FIG. 4provides a richer, more ergonomic user experience, facilitatesinteraction between the user and other available content, and improvesthe likelihood that the user will find relevant information. Semanticfaceted navigation provides a novel method to explore and discoversemantically related content in a large document collection. Thus,semantic faceted navigation is useful not only for search per se butalso for exploration of the document collection.

Upon selection of the plus or minus signs, a new selection summary boxmay be displayed as shown in FIG. 5. This selection summary box providesthe status of the refined search parameters, i.e. which elements areincluded and which are excluded. This refined search box may include auser interface element next to each search term to enable the user todeselect the search term. This may be a virtual button with an X, forexample, as shown in the figure. The selection summary is updated eachtime a further selection is made to include or exclude a faceted searchresult as a search term.

FIG. 6 depicts the search engine interface after two faceted searchresults have been selected for inclusion and after one faceted searchresult has been selected for exclusion. The selection summary box showsthe current status of the search query.

As depicted in FIGS. 4-6, one aspect of the invention provides a methodof displaying search results on a computing device. In general terms,this method entails receiving search results in response to a searchquery, displaying a list of search results in a search engine interface,and displaying a plurality of editorial and semantic facets in thesearch engine interface, each of the facets comprising faceted searchresults, each of the faceted search results being displayed inassociation with user interface elements for including or excluding thefaceted search result as additional search terms to subsequently refinethe search query.

Displaying search results may optionally include displaying, for one ormore of the displayed search results, a list of metadata. Displayedmetadata may be editorial or manually annotated metadata or it may beautomatically extracted metadata. This displayed metadata may relate toconcepts, entities, summaries, etc. The displayed metadata provides aquick overview as well as another way to navigate into the collection.

The invention disclosed herein confers a number of advantages, such asgenerally improving the search experience and enabling website ownersand web-based content providers to improve the retention rate. Inaddition, the invention can be used to achieve better organic searchengine optimization (SEO) and potentially greater advertising revenue.

With reference to FIG. 7, another aspect of the invention provides aninference technique that permits the indexation of inferred metadata toimprove findability. For example, consider a Web page about an event inStockholm where the term “Sweden” is not mentioned in the content. Avisitor searching for “event Sweden” will thus, usually conventionalcontent search technology, receive zero hits. With the invention,however, an inference is made at indexing time that the place name“Stockholm” refers to the capital of Sweden; this inference “Sweden” isthus added as derived or inferred metadata. This logic can begeneralized to any kind of entity type where a parent/child relationshipis involved (e.g. holonym/meronym, hyperonym/hyponym). Inferred metadatais automatically generated and automatically added as annotations to thecontent. This approach is somewhat comparable to automated queryexpansion but, in this novel implementation, the method involvessemantically enriching content at indexing time instead of doing it atquery time.

In one implementation, semantic pivots (which are based onco-occurrence) may be utilized as a tool to combine different types ofsemantic facets to further refine search criteria using semantic facetassociations. Pivots may be useful for sentiment analysis and otherapplications.

This novel association technique leverages semantic metadata extractedfrom the unstructured content and makes it possible to display advancedfacets where two facets are linked together. For example, by using thisapproach, the semantic navigation experience can provide facets to drilldown the content using advanced criteria like “display only documents inwhich Acme Corp is mentioned in a negative context” (reciprocalrelationship between a company name and sentiment analysis) or “onlydocuments where a politician is involved in a trial” (reciprocalrelationship between a “person type” and a topic). Pivoted facets offerthe user a novel way to refine a search using criteria similar to whatcould be obtained using a natural query language. Broadly stated, thismethod for semantically searching content comprises displaying a firstfacet and a second facet as part of faceted search results in responseto a search query, associating a first facet with a second facet inresponse to user input and searching a semantic index based on the firstand second facets by cross-referencing metadata for the contentassociated with the first facet with metadata for the content associatedwith the second facet. For example, an ingested document describing apolitician “John Doe” is inferred to be a document about a “politician”even if the phrase “politician” does not appear in the document. Thissemantic metadata “politician” is added to the index to point to theingested document about John Doe. Another ingested document maydescribe, for example, a court proceeding from which the semanticmetadata “trial” is inferred. Associating the facets “politician” and“trial” creates a pivoted faceted search for both concepts. The searchcross-references the semantic metadata from each of the different facetsto make further semantically-based connections or associations. Thus,the search results for the facet “politicians” may be refined bysearching the metadata of this content for anything semantically relatedto “trials”. The faceted search may be pivoted by inverting one facetwith the other facet. For example, the pivoted search would search themetadata of the content under the facet “trials” for semantic referencesto “politicians”.

With reference to FIG. 8, another aspect of the invention provides amethod for dynamically generating topic pages based on semanticconnections built from semantic annotations. In other words, topic pagesmay be created by inferring or deriving semantic metadata and thenperforming a similarity analysis on the semantic metadata to therebyassociate and aggregate similar content for the topic page. This methodthus involves providing semantic annotations for a plurality of contentpresented on a web page, determining semantic connections from thesemantic annotations, and then dynamically generating topic pages abouta topic, a celebrity (person attribute), a company or a product forexample. Using this technique, a topic page does not need to bepopulated manually with content. Based on the existing semanticannotations and connections stored in the index, the system is able togenerate such pages on demand. Editorial placement rules can also beapplied to topic pages in order to promote specific assets based on theuser query and/or the criteria used to generate the topic page.

An exemplary implementation of a semantic navigation system is depictedschematically in FIG. 9. As depicted by way of example in FIG. 9, thesemantic navigation system includes a number of modules or components.As illustrated in this schematic figure, the system includes a built-inweb crawler (which may include be preconfigured with ready-to-usecrawling sample configurations). The system depicted in FIG. 9 alsoincludes an ingestion broker, an index engine, a content analyticsmodule, and a presentation module having presentation logic, themes anda widget server. The system interacts with client systems and consumersof the user experience as depicted schematically in FIG. 9.

The ingestion broker provides functionalities to ingest, parse, process,normalize and store documents into the index. In one embodiment, theingestion broker supports extraction of textual content from static orbinary files (like PDF and Microsoft Office documents) in the ingestionqueue, and also supports chaining of transformers and processors. Duringthe ingestion process, the engine can also call a content analyticsmodule or any third-party text annotator in order to enrich documentswith semantic annotations before they are indexed. The content analyticsmodule may be configured to supply several types of semantic annotationsfor documents, provide keywords and normalized facets which are thenstored into the indices operated by the (index) engine. In anotherimplementation, another (e.g. third-party) semantic annotator may beused instead of the content analytics module.

As depicted by way of example in FIG. 9, the system includes the coreengine which operates the search indexes. The core engine may includeone or more query-time handlers. These handlers may perform querydispatching. These handlers may optionally enable editorial andadvertisement (forced) placements, facet cleanup, and other featuressuch as semantic similarity analysis (adapted from the “more-like-this”algorithm). The engine may have preconfigured (ready-to-use) schemas andconfigurations for indexes in various languages such as, for example,English, French, Spanish, German and Portuguese. In one embodiment,facet attributes may be stored in the index as facets or sub-facets (forpivoted faceting). In one implementation, the core engine is tightlyintegrated with the content analytics. Configurable content analyticprofiles (round-robin and calls) may be provided. Optionally,file-system persistence of semantic metadata enables fast re-indexing.

In a faceted search implementation, each document is associated with alist of facets (i.e. categories that it belongs to). Those facets(categories) are stored as document attributes within the search index.During the search for a specific query, the facets of all matcheddocuments are retrieved using the index. The retrieved facets may thenbe used by the searcher to narrow his search to a specific facet.

A presentation module has presentation logic for implementing apresentation framework/layer that is responsible for the user interface(UI) rendering. The presentation logic uses themes, templates andwidgets which may be configured to control how the content is renderedfor viewing by end users.

As illustrated in FIG. 9, the presentation module may includepreconfigured (ready-to-use) themes (which may be built with atemplate-based system) and a library for creating differentpresentations and layouts, e.g., for faceted search results, topicpages, mobile search, etc. A themes folder may be provided. The themesfolder contains most of the UI, CSS and images contained in therendering of the output, such as generic themes. In one embodiment, allthemes share common files which are located in a common folder. Thosefiles can be reconfigured or modified to change the themes.

As illustrated in FIG. 9, the presentation module also includes a widgetserver to serve consumable content fragments as non-JavaScript widgets(e.g., search results, facet compilations, trends, etc.). The fragmentscan be in any format (e.g., XML, RDF, JSON, HTML, etc.) and areextensible via templates. A JavaScript library is also available toenable quick and seamless inclusion of content widgets into external webpages. Widgets are provided for semantic facets, similar documents,recommended links, top searches, top-documents, did-you-mean, etc., andmay be aggregated into a theme to render a specific layout and fulfillspecific business needs. In one embodiment, a pivoted facets widgetsupports faceted sentiments, trends, and hierarchical faceting.

In one embodiment, the presentation framework includes a configurablelogger which compiles a log of events in the presentation framework.

The semantic navigation system of FIG. 9 may include an optionalmanagement console (not illustrated) which provides variousadministrative control features through a Web application interface.Content expert features may be included such as slider-based algorithmictweaking, schema customization and crawler configuration. Editorialfeatures (forced placements configuration) may also be provided in thismanagement console.

In one embodiment, the management console enables monitoring of thestatus of the ingestion broker(s), start/stop/restart their execution aswell as copy configurations between different ingestion broker instancesto ease configuration replication in a distributed environment.

In one embodiment, the management console enables management of thebehaviour of multiple engines and their indexes in one convenient place.Management includes monitoring status, execution, create/remove indexes,schema management, configure editorial and advertisement placements,tune sort algorithm, index cleanup and optimization, configure semanticfiltering and copy configurations between different engine instances.

In one embodiment, the management console enables an administrator tomonitor the status and copy configurations between differentpresentation framework instances.

In one embodiment, the management console enables you to monitor thestatus and control the execution of content analytics instances.

Another aspect of the invention provides a method for providing acustomizable developer experience (DX) with RDF-XML widget bundles. Thismay involve encapsulating content fragments from differentnon-JavaScript widgets into one single RDF-XML response. A bundle can becustomized to encapsulate different sets of content fragments.

Another aspect of the invention provides a method of creating customizeduser interfaces using themes built from an aggregation of interconnectedwidgets. A widget is a fragment of (generally) structured content in anyformat (e.g., HTML, XML, JSON, etc.).

In one implementation, a ready-made non-JavaScript widget library(collection of widgets) is provided to quickly promote content on asite. JavaScript widgets can also be used to fetch content from externalsites and thus promote content from external web sites. In the themesfolder, a JavaScript snippet can be configured to fetch content and tooutput it on any site, in any way, in HTML format.

Any of the methods disclosed herein may be implemented in hardware,software, firmware or any combination thereof. Where implemented assoftware, the method steps, acts or operations may be programmed orcoded as computer-readable instructions and recorded electronically,magnetically or optically on a non-transitory computer-readable medium,computer-readable memory, machine-readable memory or computer programproduct. In other words, the computer-readable memory orcomputer-readable medium comprises instructions in code which whenloaded into a memory and executed on a processor of a computing devicecause the computing device to perform one or more of the foregoingmethod(s). In a software implementation, software components and modulesmay be implemented using standard programming languages including, butnot limited to, object-oriented languages (e.g., Java, C++, C#,Smalltalk, etc.), functional languages (e.g., ML, Lisp, Scheme, etc.),procedural languages (e.g., C, Pascal, Ada, Modula, etc.), scriptinglanguages (e.g., Perl, Ruby, Python, JavaScript, VBScript, etc.),declarative languages (e.g., SQL, Prolog, etc.), or any other suitableprogramming language, version, extension or combination thereof.

A non-transitory computer-readable medium can be any means that contain,store, communicate, propagate or transport the program for use by or inconnection with the instruction execution system, apparatus or device.The computer-readable medium may be electronic, magnetic, optical,electromagnetic, infrared or any semiconductor system or device. Forexample, computer executable code to perform the methods disclosedherein may be tangibly recorded on a computer-readable medium including,but not limited to, a floppy-disk, a CD-ROM, a DVD, RAM, ROM, EPROM,Flash Memory or any suitable memory card, etc. The method may also beimplemented in hardware. A hardware implementation might employ discretelogic circuits having logic gates for implementing logic functions ondata signals, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) havingappropriate combinational logic gates, a programmable gate array (PGA),a field programmable gate array (FPGA), etc.

This invention has been described in terms of specific embodiments,implementations and configurations which are intended to be exemplaryonly. Persons of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate, having readthis disclosure, that many obvious variations, modifications andrefinements may be made without departing from the inventive concept(s)presented herein. The scope of the exclusive right sought by theApplicant(s) is therefore intended to be limited solely by the appendedclaims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of presenting search results on acomputing device, the method comprising: a computing device transmittinga search query in a natural or structured query language to a searchengine server, the search engine server processing the search querythrough at least one index based upon syntax, semantics, or acombination thereof extracted from the search query, the at least oneindex including a semantic index representing words and semantic meaningof the words, the search engine server utilizing the semantic index todetermine a meaning of the search query; receiving, by the computingdevice from the search engine server: search results in response to thesearch query from the computing device, a plurality of facets thatmatched the search query or are relevant to the meaning of the searchquery, wherein the plurality of facets includes at least themes,organizations, locations, or document types, and faceted search resultsfor the plurality of facets associated with the search results;displaying on the computing device the search results in a search engineinterface of the search engine server; and in addition to the searchresults and in response to the search query, displaying in the searchengine interface by the computing device one or more of the plurality offacets, wherein the plurality of facets includes semantic facets derivedfrom semantic metadata encapsulated to pieces of content referenced inthe faceted search results, wherein the semantic metadata includeseditorial metadata, semantic annotations, or a combination thereof,wherein at least a first semantic facet of the semantic facets isinstantiated from the semantic metadata in response to the search query,wherein at least a second semantic facet of the semantic facets iscreated from the semantic metadata in an enrichment process and storedin the semantic index, wherein each facet of the plurality of facets isconfigured for triggering its own faceted search results such that a setof faceted search results are displayed for each facet, wherein thesearch results and the faceted search results for the plurality offacets together form a current result set for the search query, andwherein each faceted search result of the set of faceted search resultsis displayed in association with a number of hits for each facetedsearch result and user interface elements for selectively filtering eachfaceted search result to navigate, refine, or filter the current resultset for the search query.
 2. The method as claimed in claim 1, furthercomprising: displaying search results for a subsequent search using allincluded or excluded faceted search results as additional search terms;and displaying all the included or excluded faceted search results thathave been used as additional search terms in association with a userinterlace element for deselecting the additional search terms.
 3. Themethod as claimed in claim 2, wherein a user interface element forincluding a faceted search result is a virtual button marked with afirst symbol whereas a user interface element for excluding a facetedsearch result is a virtual button marked with a second symbol.
 4. Themethod as claimed in claim 1, further comprising: filtering a semanticfacet displayed in the search engine interface on the computing deviceto refine the search query with a search term in response to a facetedsearch result being included as the search term via an associated userinterface element.
 5. The method as claimed in claim 1, furthercomprising: upon selection of at least one of the user interfaceelements, displaying in the search engine interface on the computingdevice a selection summary box providing a status of refined searchparameters for the search query.
 6. The method as claimed in claim 1,further comprising: displaying a list of metadata in the search engineinterface on the computing device in addition to the search results, theplurality of semantic facets, and the set of faceted search resultsassociated with each semantic facet of the plurality of semantic facets.7. The method as claimed in claim 6, wherein the list of metadataincludes the semantic metadata, editorial metadata, annotated metadata,extracted metadata, inferred metadata, or a combination thereof.
 8. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the content is sourced from a plurality ofcontent servers and normalized by an ingestion broker.
 9. The method ofclaim 8, further comprising: at the ingestion broker, receiving thecontent in a plurality of formats, normalizing the content into aparticular format, and outputting the normalized content to a contentanalyzer prior to indexing time to enrich the content.
 10. Anon-transitory computer-readable medium comprising programmedinstructions in code which, when loaded into a memory and executed by aprocessor of a computing device, causes the computing device to:transmit a search query in a natural or structured query language from acomputing device to a search engine server, the search engine serverprocessing the search query through at least one index based uponsyntax, semantics, or a combination thereof extracted from the searchquery, the at least one index including a semantic index representingwords and semantic meaning of the words, the search engine serverutilizing the semantic index to determine a meaning of the search query;receive from the search engine server: search results in response to thesearch query, a plurality of facets that matched the search query or arerelevant to the meaning of the search query, wherein the plurality offacets includes at least themes, organizations, locations, or documenttypes, and faceted search results for the plurality of facets associatedwith the search results; display the search results in a search engineinterface; and in addition to the search results and in response to thesearch query, display in the search engine interface one or more of theplurality of facets, wherein the plurality of facets includes semanticfacets derived from semantic metadata encapsulated to pieces of contentreferenced in the faceted search results, wherein the semantic metadataincludes editorial metadata, semantic annotations, or a combinationthereof, wherein at least a first semantic facet of the semantic facetsis instantiated from the semantic metadata in response to the searchquery, wherein at least a second semantic facet of the semantic facetsis already created from the semantic metadata in an enrichment processand stored in the semantic index, wherein each facet of the plurality offacets is configured for triggering its own faceted search results suchthat a set of faceted search results are displayed for each facet,wherein the search results and the faceted search results for theplurality of facets together form a current result set for the searchquery, and wherein each faceted search result of the set of facetedsearch results is displayed in association with a number of hits foreach faceted search result and user interface elements for selectivelyfiltering each faceted search result to navigate, refine, or filter thecurrent result set for the search query.
 11. The non-transitorycomputer-readable medium as claimed in claim 10, comprising code to:display search results for a subsequent search using all included orexcluded faceted search results as additional search terms; and displayall the included or excluded faceted search results that have been usedas additional search terms in association with a user interface elementfor deselecting the additional search terms.
 12. The non-transitorycomputer-readable medium as claimed in claim 11, comprising code forcausing the computing device to display a user interface element forincluding a faceted search result as a virtual button marked with afirst symbol and to display a user interface element for excluding afaceted search result as a virtual button marked with a second symbol.13. The non-transitory computer-readable medium as claimed in claim 10,comprising code for filtering a semantic facet displayed in the searchengine interface on the computing device to refine the search query witha search term in response to a faceted search result being included asthe search term via an associated user interface element.
 14. Thenon-transitory computer-readable medium as claimed in claim 10,comprising code to: upon selection of at least one of the user interfaceelements, display in the search engine interface on the computing devicea selection summary box providing a status of refined search parametersfor the search query.
 15. The non-transitory computer-readable medium asclaimed in claim 10, comprising code to: display a list of metadata inthe search engine interface on the computing device in addition to thesearch results, the plurality of semantic facets, and the set of facetedsearch results associated with each semantic facet of the plurality ofsemantic facets.
 16. The non-transitory computer-readable medium asclaimed in claim 15, wherein the list of metadata includes the semanticmetadata, editorial metadata, annotated metadata, extracted metadata,inferred metadata, or a combination thereof.
 17. The non-transitorycomputer-readable medium of claim 10, wherein the content is sourcedfrom a plurality of content servers and normalized by an ingestionbroker.
 18. A computing device, comprising: a memory; a processor; and anon-transitory computer-readable medium comprising programmedinstructions in code which, when loaded into the memory and executed bythe processor, causes the computing device to: transmit a search queryin a natural or structured query language from a computing device to asearch engine server, the search engine server processing the searchquery through at least one index based upon syntax, semantics, or acombination thereof extracted from the search query, the at least oneindex including a semantic index representing words and semantic meaningof the words, the search engine server utilizing the semantic index todetermine a meaning of the search query; receive from the search engineserver: search results in response to the search query, a plurality offacets that matched the search query or are relevant to the meaning ofthe search query, wherein the plurality of facets includes at leastthemes, organizations, locations, or document types, and faceted searchresults for the plurality of facets associated with the search results;display the search results in a search engine interface; and in additionto the search results and in response to the search query, display inthe search engine interface one or more of the plurality of facets,wherein the plurality of facets includes semantic facets derived fromsemantic metadata encapsulated to pieces of content referenced in thefaceted search results, wherein the semantic metadata includes editorialmetadata, semantic annotations, or a combination thereof, wherein atleast a first semantic facet of the semantic facets is instantiated fromthe semantic metadata in response to the search query, wherein at leasta second semantic facet of the semantic facets is created from thesemantic metadata in an enrichment process and stored in the semanticindex, wherein each facet of the plurality of facets is configured fortriggering its own faceted search results such that a set of facetedsearch results are displayed for each facet, wherein the search resultsand the faceted search results for the plurality of facets together forma current result set for the search query, and wherein each facetedsearch result of the set of faceted search results is displayed inassociation with a number of hits for each faceted search result anduser interface elements for selectively filtering each faceted searchresult to navigate, refine, or filter the current result set for thesearch query.
 19. The computing device of claim 18, the non-transitorycomputer-readable medium further comprising code to: display searchresults for a subsequent search using all included or excluded facetedsearch results as additional search terms; and display all the includedor excluded faceted search results that have been used as additionalsearch terms in association with a user interface element fordeselecting the additional search terms.
 20. The computing device ofclaim 18, the non-transitory computer-readable medium further comprisingcode for causing the computing device to display a user interfaceelement for including a faceted search result as a virtual button markedwith a first symbol and to display a user interface element forexcluding a faceted search result as a virtual button marked with asecond symbol.
 21. The computing device of claim 18, the non-transitorycomputer-readable medium further comprising code for filtering asemantic facet displayed in the search engine interface on the computingdevice to refine the search query with a search term in response to afaceted search result being included as the search term via anassociated user interface element.
 22. The computing device of claim 18,the non-transitory computer-readable medium further comprising code to:upon selection of at least one of the user interface elements, displayin the search engine interface on the computing device a selectionsummary box providing a status of refined search parameters for thesearch query.
 23. The computing device of claim 18, the non-transitorycomputer-readable medium further comprising code to: display a list ofmetadata in the search engine interface on the computing device inaddition to the search results, the plurality of semantic facets, andthe set of faceted search results associated with each semantic facet ofthe plurality of semantic facets.
 24. The computing device of claim 18,wherein the content is sourced from a plurality of content servers andnormalized by an ingestion broker.
 25. A method of presenting searchresults for semantically indexed content, the method comprising: acomputing device transmitting a search query in a natural or structuredquery language to a search engine server, the search engine serverprocessing the search query through at least one index based uponsyntax, semantics, or a combination thereof extracted from the searchquery, the at least one index including a semantic index representingwords and semantic meaning of the words, the search engine serverutilizing the semantic index to determine a meaning of the search query;receiving, by the computing device from the search engine server: searchresults in response to the search query from the computing device, aplurality of facets that matched the search query or are relevant to themeaning of the search query, and faceted search results for theplurality of facets associated with the search results; at the computingdevice, displaying the search results and one or more of the pluralityof facets, wherein the plurality of facets includes semantic facetsderived from semantic metadata encapsulated to pieces of contentreferenced in the faceted search results, wherein the semantic metadataincludes editorial metadata, semantic annotations, or a combinationthereof, wherein at least a first semantic facet of the semantic facetsis instantiated from the semantic metadata in response to the searchquery, wherein at least a second semantic facet of the semantic facetsis created from the semantic metadata in an enrichment process andstored in the semantic index, wherein the search results and the facetedsearch results for the plurality of facets together form a currentresult set for the search query, and wherein each of the facets isassociated with a representative element including an element selectableby a user to selectively include the facet in a refined or filteredsearch; responsive to at least one user selection of representativeelements associated with the facets, the computing device generating arefined or filtered search query and sending the refined or filteredsearch query to the search engine server; and the computing devicereceiving from the search engine server, refined search results.
 26. Themethod of claim 25, wherein at least one of the representative elementsis selected by default.
 27. The method of claim 25, wherein therepresentative element associated with each semantic facet furtherincludes an element selectable by a user to selectively exclude thesemantic facet in a refined search.
 28. The method of claim 25, whereinthe selection of the representative element associated with each of thesemantic facets is predetermined based on a filter applied to thesemantically indexed content.
 29. The method of claim 25, wherein thecontent is sourced from a plurality of content servers and normalized byan ingestion broker.